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1 KNÝJA
* * *(kný, knýða or knúða, knúinn), v.1) to knock; hann knúði hurðina, he knocked at the door;2) to press, drive onward (þeir knúðu fast árar með stórum bakföllum); to push, urge on (hann gat varla fylgt henni, svá knúði hón fast reiðina);3) refl. to struggle on, press on; því harðara er Þórr knúðist at fanginu, því fastara stóð hón, the more Thor exerted himself, the firmer she stood.* * *pres. knýr, pl. knýjum; pret. knýði and knúði; part. pass. knúinn: [Scot. know, knusc, = to press down with the fists and knees; Swed. knoga; Dan. knuge]:—to knock, press; tvær kistur fullar af gulli, svá at eigi máttu tveir menn meira k. (carry?), Fms. xi. 24; knýið á, ok mun fyrir yðr upp lokið verða, Matth. vii. 7; hann knúði hurðina, he knocked at the door, Fms. vi. 122; knýr hausmagi hurð, bróðir, ok knýr heldr fast, Grett. 154; eptir þat knýja þeir þar á ofan stórt grjót, Fas. ii. 508:—to press, knýr hann þá þar til er þeir segja, Bs. ii. 227; páfinn knýr hann at eiðstafnum, 52; þeir knúðu fast árar með stórum bakföllum, Fas. i. 214; hann staðfestisk fyrir hellis-dyrum, knýði fast ok kallaði, Barl. 199; kný hann fast ok mæl þetta, … ok í því er Einarr var knúinn, Fms. vi. 280.2. esp. in poetry, to press on, urge onwards; hann gat varia fylgt henni, svá knúði hón fast reiðina, Ld. 138; knyja merki, vexilla proferre, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); knýja vé, id., Orkn.; skúr knýði snekkju brand frá landi, Fms. vi. 134; sverðálfr knýði lagar stóð sunnan, Ht.; þeir knýðu blá borð, Sighvat; ormr knýr unnir, Vsp. 50; Ólafr knýr Vísund (the ship) norðan, Ó. H. (in a verse); knýja bardaga = bellum gerere, Lex. Poët.; kappar knúðu hildi, Fas. ii. 276 (in a verse); knýja flótta, to press on the flying, Fms. x. 424 (, in a verse); haus knýr hjarðar vísi, Eb. (in a verse).II. reflex. to struggle on, press on; því harðara er Þórr knúðisk at fanginu, Edda 33; knýjask þeir at víginu, Bret.; hann laust fjötrinum í jörðina ok knúðisk fast at, spyrnir við, braut fjöturinn, Edda i. 108; knýjask þeir fast, ok verðr brak mikit um þá, Grett. 107; knúðusk Baglar þá á eptir, Fb. ii. 659; ok með þessari ætlan knúðisk fram alþýðan, Fms. xi. 269; lendir menn eggjuðu lið sitt, ok knúðusk til framgöngu, Ó. H. 216.2. part. knúinn, hard driven, hard pressed; til knúinn af þessi nauðsyn, Stj. 450; til knúinn af Guðs hálfu, Bs. ii. 38, freq. in prose. -
2 KREFJA
(kref, krafða, krafðr and krafinn), v. to crave, demand, claim (krefja e-n e-s);krefja e-n máls, orða, to ask speech of one (engi þorði at krefja hann orða);hann krafði dura, he asked to be let in, knocked at the door;refl., krefjast, to claim, with gen. (krafðist Hávarðr torfunnar).* * *pres. kref, krefjum; pret. krafði, subj. krefði; part. krafðr, krafinn; [A. S. crafjan; Engl. crave; Dan. kræve]:—to crave, demand, to call on one, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; or also, krefja e-n til e-s, krefja hann til utanferðar, Sturl. i. 214; verða sumir krafðir til at stýra, Sks. 263; ek em kominn at krefja þik at þú látir laust, Eg. 501; ok krafði síra Bjarna, at lúka sér þau átján hundruð, Dipl. iii. 13; ella krefi Guð hann andar sinnar, Sks. 720: at neita því er ek vil kraft hafa, Fms. xi. 225; ok kref ek ok bind ek álögum þriggja marka útlegð, Grág. i. 384; krefja e-n máls, Fms. vii. 162; engi þorði at krefja hann orða, no one durst speak to him, Edda 22: krefja fjár, Sturl. i. 48; krefi hann manna, K. Á. 70; konungr krafði þá leiðangrs, Fms. viii. 419; k. búendr liðs, Ó. H. 205; sá þótti mér ungr at krefja eiðsins, Edda 37; hann krafði dura, he knocked at the door, Fms. viii. 332, v. l.; krefja lukla, Vkv. 19, 21: with subj., kröfðu þeir at sveinninn færi með þeim, Fms. i. 74.II. reflex. to claim, with gen.; krafðisk Hávarðr torföxarinnar, Háv. 47; þó má konungr krefjask af þeim þeirrar þjónustu, sem …, Sks. 263. -
3 DREPA
* * *(drep; drap, drápum; drepinn), v.I. with acc. or absol.;1) to stike, beat, knock;drepa e-n vendi, to strike one with a rod;hann tók hörpu sína ok drap strengi (struck the strings) til sláttar; drepa járn, to hammer iron;drepa or drepa högg á dyrr, to knock at the door;drepa botn úr keraldi, to knock the bottom out of a tub;at eigi drepir þú mik í dúp, that you knock me not into the deep;drepa í hel, í dauða, til heljar, to smite to death;2) to kill, slay (skulu vér nú fara at honum ok drepa hann);3) in a game of chess, to take a piece (þá drap jarl af honum riddara);drepa eld, to strike, fire (= drepa upp eld);drepa slóð, to make a trail (drápu kyrtlarnir döggslóðina);5) with prep., drepa af, to kill, slaughter (cattle);drepa niðr, to kill off (þótt hirðmenn þínir sé drepnir niðr sem svn);drepa sik ór dróma, to get rid of (throw off) a fetter;drepa til e-s, to strike, hit, at one;drepa e-t undir sik, to knock or drag down (skaltu standa hiá, er fjándi sá drepr mik undir sik);drepa upp eld = drepa eld;drepa e-t út, to divulge a thing;drepa yfir e-t, to hide, suppress;drap hann brátt yfir (he soon mastered) harm sinn;6) refl., drepast, to perish, die, esp. of cattle (fé hans drapst aldri af drephríðum);recipr. to put one another to death (þá diepast menn fyrir ágirni sakir);drepa menn fyrir, to kill one another’s men;7) impers., drepr honuin aldregi ský (acc.) í augu, his eyes never get clouded;ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir þeim (their high spirits break down), þegar haminjan brestr; drap þó heldr í fyrir honum, he rather grew worse, his eyes grew weaker;nú drepr ór hljóð (acc.) fyrst ór konunginum, the king became silent at once;þá drap stall ór hjarta hans, his heart failed;ofan drap flaugina, the vane was knocked down;regn (acc.) drepr í gegnum et, the rain beats through (the thatch);II. with dat.;1) to put, thrust;hendi drap á kampa, he put his hand to his beard;drepa fœti (fótum) í eð, to strike (knock) one’s foot against, stumble over (drap fótunum í þrøskuldinn ok lá fallinn);drepa höfði, to droop (with) the head (Egill drap höfðin niðr í feld sinn);drepa fingri í munn sér, to put the finger into the mouth;drepa hendi til es, við em, to give one a slap with the hand;drepa hendi við e-u, to wave away with the hand to refuse a kind offer (drepa hendi við boðnu gulli);2) to tuck up the sleeves or skirts of a garment (hann hafði drepit upp skautunum);drepa hári undir belti sér, to tuck the hair under the belt (of a lady);3) to dip, immerse;4) drepa orði, dómi á et, to talk, judge of;drepa huldu á et, to hide, keep secret;5) spoil (drepa gleði, teiti es);drepa kosti es, to destroy one’s happiness;impers. drap þá skjótt kosti, the cheer was soon gone;6) drepa niðr e-u, to suppress (drepa niðr konungs rétti, illu orði);drepa niðr sœmd es, to drag down one’s reputation, to disparage one;drepa niðr máli, to quash a lawsuit.* * *pret. drap, 2nd pers. drapt, mod. drapst, pl. drápu; pret. subj. dræpi; part. drepit; pres. drep; with the suff. neg. pret. drap-a. Orkn.: [A. S. drepan; Dan. dræbe; Swed. drapa; O. H. G. trefan; mod. Germ. treffen, whence the mod. Dan. treffe, in the sense to hit; Ulf. uses slahan and stautjan, but never dripan; in Engl. the word is lost.]A. WITH ACC., OR ABSOL. högg ( a blow) or the like being understood, to strike, beat:I. act. of music, to strike the chords, (cp. phrases such as, slá danz, to strike up for a dance; slagr is battle and poem, Trolla-slagr and Gýgjar-slagr are names of poems); hann tók hörpu sína ok drap strengi ( struck the strings) til slags, Stj. 458 (hence drápa, a song); d. e-n vendi, to strike with a rod, Skm. 26: to knock, d. á dyrr, or d. högg á dyrr, to knock at a door, Nj. 150; síðan gengu þau heim bæði ok drápu á dyrr, 153; drápu þar á dyrr, Sturl. iii. 154: metaph., d. á e-t, to touch slightly on a matter; d. botn ór keraldi, to knock the bottom out of a jar, Fms. xi. 34; d. járn, to beat iron (a blacksmith’s term) with a sledge-hammer, Grett. 129, cp. drep-sleggja.2. esp. with the sense of violence, to knock, strike; áfallit hafði drepit hann inn í bátinn, Bs. i. 422; at eigi drepir þú mik í djúp, that thou knockest me not into the deep, Post. 656 B. 9; herða klett drep ek þér hálsi af, Ls. 57.β. as a law term, to smite, strike; ef maðr drepr ( smites) mann, ok varðar þat skóggang, Grág. ii. 116; eigu menn eigi at standa fyrir þeim manni er drepit hefir annan, id.; ef maðr drepr mann svá at bein brotna, 14; nú vænisk sá maðr því er drap, at…, 15; þat er drep ef bein brotna, ok verðr sá úæll till dóms er drepit hefir, 16; nú vænisk hinn því, at hann hafi drepit hann, 19.γ. the phrases, d. e-n til heljar, Grág. ii. 161, or d. til dauðs, to smite to death; Josúa drap til dauða alla þjóð Anakim, Stj. 456; d. í hel, id., Hbl. 27; hence3. metaph. or ellipt. to kill, put to death, cp. Lat. caedere, Engl. smite; eigi er manni skylt at d. skógarmann, þótt…, Grág. ii. 162; skulu vér nú fara at honum ok d. hann, Nj. 205; þar varð illa með þeim því at Ásgrímr drap Gaut, 39; til þess at d. Grim, Eg. 114; tóku þeir af eignum jarla konungs en drápu suma, Fms. i. 6; er drepit hafði fóstra hans …, eigi hæfir at d. svá fríðan svein …, d. skyldi hvern mann er mann údæmðan vá, 80; konung drápum fyrstan, Am. 97; drap hann ( smote with the hammer) hina öldnu jötna systur, Þkv. 32; d. mátti Freyr hann með hendi sinni, Edda 23.β. in a game (of chess), to take a piece; þá drap jarl af honum riddara, Fms. iv. 366; taflsins er hann hafði drepit, vi. 29; Hvítserkr hélt töfl einni er hann hafði drepit, Fas. i. 285.γ. adding prepp. af, niðr, to slaughter, kill off; þótt hirðmenn þínir sé drepnir niðr sem svín, Fms. vii. 243: d. af, to slaughter (cattle); yxni fimm, ok d. af, Ísl. ii. 330; láttu mik d. af þenna lýð, Post. 656 B. 9.4. metaph. phrases; d. e-m skúta, to taunt, charge one with; áfelli þat er konungr drap oss skúta um, Fms. iv. 310; hjarta drepr stall, the heart knocks as it were against a block of stone from fear, Hkr. ii. 360, Orkn., Fbr. 36 (hence stall-dræpt hjarta, a ‘block-beating’ faint heart): d. upp eld, to strike fire, Fms. iv. 338: d. sik ór dróma, to throw off the fetter, Edda 19: d. e-t undir sik, to knock or drag down, skaltú standa hjá er fjandi sá drepr mik undir sik, Grett. 126, 101 A: d. slóð, to make a slot or sleuth (trail); d. kyrtlarnir slóðina, the cloaks trailed along the ground so as to leave a track, Gísl. 154: to trail or make a track of droves or deer, Lex. Poët.: d. e-t út, to divulge a thing (in a bad sense), Fms. vi. 208; d. yfir e-t, to hide, suppress, drap hann brátt yfir ( he soon mastered) harm sinn, Bs. i. 140 (hence yfir-drep, hypocrisy, i. e. cloaking).II. reflex., drepask, to perish, die, esp. of beasts; fé hans drapsk aldrei af megrð ok drephríðum, Eb. 150; drapsk allt hans fólk, Fms. v. 250.2. recipr. to put one another to death; þá drepask bræðr fyrir ágirni sakar, Edda 40; nú drepask menn (smite one another), eðr særask eðr vegask, Grág. ii. 92; ef menn d. um nætr, Fms. vii. 296; er sjálfir bárusk vápn á ok drápusk, viii. 53; en er bændr fundu at þeir drápusk sjálfir, 68; drepask niðr á leið fram, Ld. 238; drepask menn fyrir, to kill one another’s men, Fms. vii. 177; görðisk af því fjandskapr með þeim Steinólfi svá at þeir drápusk þar (menn?) fyrir, Gullþ. 14.III. impers., drepr honum aldregi ský (acc.) í augu, his eyes never get clouded, of the eagle flying in the face of the sun, Hom. 47; ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir þeim ( their high spirits break down) þegar hamingjan brestr, Fms. vi. 155; drap þó heldr í fyrir honum, he rather grew worse, i. e. his eyes grew weaker, Bjarn. 59; nú drepr ór hljóð (acc.) fyrst ór konunginum, the king became silent at once, Fms. xi. 115; stall drepr ór hjarta e-s, Fbr. 36 (vide above, I. 4); ofan drap flaugina (acc.), the flaug was knocked down, Bs. 1. 422; regn drepr í gögnum e-t, the rain beats through the thatch or cover, Fagrsk. 123 (in a verse).β. in mod. usage, drepa is even used in the sense to drip (= drjupa), e. g. þak, hús drepr, the thatch, house lets water through.B. WITH DAT.:I. denoting gentle movement; in many cases the dat. seems to be only instrumental:1. of the limbs; hendi drap á kampa, be put his hand to his beard, Hom. 21; d. fæti (fótum), to stumble, prop. to strike with the foot, Nj. 112, Fas. ii. 558, Bs. i. 742, Hom. 110, Grett. 120; d. fæti í e-t, to stumble against, 103; d. fæti við e-t, id., Fas. ii. 558; d. höfði, to droop, nod with the head; drap í gras höfði, (the horse) drooped with the head, let it fall, Gkv. 2. 5; d. niðr höfði, id., Nj. 32; Egill sat svá opt, at hann drap höfðinu niðr í feld sinn (from sorrow), Eg. 322, O. H. L. 45 (for shame); d. fingri í munn sér, to put the finger into the mouth, Edda 74; fingri drap í munninn sinn (of a child), the words of a ditty; d. hendi til e-s, or við e-m, to give one a slap with the hand (inst. dat.), Nj. 27; hence metaph., d. hendi við e-u, to wave away with the hand, to refuse a kind offer, Bs. i. 636; d. hendi við boðnu gulli, Al. 75: the phrase, d. hendi við sóma sínum, cp. Al. 162.2. to tuck up the sleeves or skirts of a garment; d. skautum (upp), Fms. vii. 297; hann hafði drepit upp skautunum, Lv. 85; hann hafði drepit upp fyrir blöðunum undir beltið, Eb. 226: Sigurðr drap blöðunum undir belti sér, Orkn. 474; d. hári undir belti sér, to tuck the hair under the belt (of a lady), hárit tók ofan á bringuna ok drap hón (viz. því) undir belti sér, Nj. 24; hafði hár svá mikit, at hann drap undir belti sér, 272.II. to dip; d. skeggi í Breiðafjörð niðr, to dip the beard in the Breidafiord, i. e. to be drowned, Ld. 316; d. hendi, or fingri í vatn, to dip the hand, finger into water (vide above); d. barni í vatn, to dip a baby into water, i. e. to baptize, K. Þ. K. 10: the phrase, d. fleski í kál, to dip bacon into kale broth, Fas. iii. 381; nú taka þeir hafrstökur tvær, ok d. þeim í sýrukerin, Gísl. 7.β. the phrase, d. e-u, of wax, lime, butter, or the like, to daub, plaster, fill up with; þú skalt taka vax ok d. því í eyru förunauta þinna, Od. xii. 77; síðan drap eg því í eyru á öllum skipverjum, 177; vaxið er eg hafði drepið í eyru þeim, 200; d. smjöri í ílát, to fill a box with butter.γ. metaph. phrases; d. dul á e-t, to throw a veil over, Hkr. ii. 140, in mod. usage, draga dulur á e-t: the phrase, d. í skörðin (the tongue understood), to talk indistinctly, from loss of teeth; d. orði, dómi á e-t, to talk, reason, judge of a thing, Fms. ix. 500; d. huldu á, to hide, cloak, keep secret, xi. 106: d. e-u á dreif, prop. to ‘throw adrift,’ throw aside, i. e. think little of a thing, þessu var á dreif drepit, it was hushed up, Orkn. 248; áðr hafði mjök verit á dreif drepit um mál Bjarnar ( there had been much mystery about Björn), hvárt hann var lífs eðr eigi, sagði annarr þat logit, en annarr sagði satt, i. e. no one knew anything for certain, Bjarn. 20; en eigi varð vísan á dreif drepin ( the song was not thrown aside or kept secret) ok kom til eyrna Birni, 32; drápu öllu á dreif um þessa fyrirætlan, hushed it all up, Eg. 49: d. í egg e-u, prop. to bate the edge of a thing, to turn a deaf ear to, Orkn. 188, metaphor from blunting the edge of a weapon.δ. d. e-u niðr, to suppress a thing (unjustly); d. niðr konungs rétti, N. G. L. i. 7 5; d. niðr sæmd e-s, to pull down a person’s reputation, Boll. 346; d. niðr illu orði, to keep down a bad report, suppress it, Nj. 21; d. niðr máli, to quash a lawsuit, 33; drepit svá niðr herörinni, Fms. iv. 207.ε. d. glaumi, gleði, teiti e-s, to spoil one’s joy, Lex. Poët.; d. kosti e-s, to destroy one’s happiness, Am. 69: impers., drap þú brátt kosti, the cheer was soon gone, Rm. 98. -
4 SKELLA
* * *I)(-da, -dr), v.1) to make to slam, clash, with dat.;skella aptr hurðu, to slam the door;skella lófum saman, to clap the hands;skella hrömmum yfir, to clutch;skella e-u niðr, to throw down with a clash;2) to strike, smite;þær skelldu skip mitt, they shattered my ship;skella af honum höndina, to cut off his hand;skella fót undan, to smite off the foot;3) skella á e-n, to scold one;4) skella upp ok hlæja, to burst out laughing (Grímr skelldi upp ok hló).f. rattle (for scaring horses).* * *d, causal of skjalla (q. v.), to make to slam, clash; skelldu skip mitt er ek skorðat hafðak, knocked my ship, Hbl., Sturl. i. 177; hann skelldi þeim saman, beat them together, Landn. 84; s. sverði í skeiðin, Eg. 304; s. aptr hurðu, to slam the door, Fb. i. 258, Fms. viii. 341: to smack, s. á lærin, to smack the thigh with the palm; skella lófum, to clap with the hands, Merl.; s. hrömmum yfir, to clutch, Ld. 52; spor svá stór sem keralds botni væri niðr skellt, footprints as great as if the bottom of a cask had been thrown down, Grett. 111.2. with prepp., skella af, to strike clean off; hann skellir af honum höndina, Al. 40; s. fót undan, Am. 48; skálmin hljóp inn í bergit svá at skellisk við heptið, Fas. i. 56: skella upp, or s. upp yfir sik (skelli-hlátr), to burst out into roaring laughter, Dropl. 31, Sturl. ii. 136, Fms. iii. 113; hón skelldi upp yfir sik ok hló, Grett. 148: skella á e-n (Dan. skælde paa een), to scold one; var þá skellt á Þorstein, at honum hefði ílla tekizk, Orkn. 264; þeir er opt á mik skella, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse): rass-skella, to flog behind, punish children.
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